Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Interval Cholecystectomy
Main Text
Table of Contents
Acute cholecystitis occurs when gallstones become impacted in the neck of the gallbladder or cystic duct in approximately 90–95% of cases. Symptoms may include acute right upper quadrant pain, fever, nausea, and emesis often associated with eating. Acute cholecystitis generally has imaging findings of gallbladder wall thickening, edema, gallbladder distension, pericholecystic fluid, and positive sonographic Murphy sign. However, acute cholecystitis is largely a clinical diagnosis of persistent right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain and associated tenderness on palpation of the RUQ in the setting of gallstones. The standard treatment is a cholecystectomy to prevent recurrent cholecystitis or sequelae of gallstones. Timing of the cholecystectomy is dependent on length of symptoms, which reflect the degree of inflammation. Here we present the case of a 74-year-old male who presented with six days of acute cholecystitis symptoms who was initially managed with antibiotics. After improvement of his pain and no systemic symptoms of infection, he underwent an interval robotic cholecystectomy. This article and the associated video describe the pertinent history, evaluation, and operative steps of the procedure.
Acute cholecystitis; interval robotic cholecystectomy.
Approximately 200,000 patients in the United States are affected by acute cholecystitis each year, with about 90–95% being caused by a gallstone being impacted in the neck of the gallbladder or cystic duct. Symptoms may include acute right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain, fever, nausea, and emesis often associated with eating.1 Pain can also be produced due to temporary obstruction of gallstones, which is termed biliary colic. This discomfort is waxing and waning in nature, and usually resolves with time. Once a patient has had persistent pain for greater than six hours, acute cholecystitis is suspected.2
Acute cholecystitis generally has imaging findings of gallbladder wall thickening, edema, gallbladder distension, pericholecystic fluid, and positive sonographic Murphy sign. However, acute cholecystitis is largely a clinical diagnosis of persistent RUQ pain and associated tenderness on palpation of the RUQ, usually in the presence of gallstones. There is significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in the elderly, associated with cholecystitis, and it can lead to severe complications such as gallbladder gangrene, perforation, and empyema.3 Therefore, early cholecystectomy following diagnosis remains the gold standard management of cholecystitis in the appropriate patient population.
Research has demonstrated that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy, within 1–3 days of symptom onset, is associated with improved patient outcomes, less postoperative complications, shorter hospital stay, and lower hospital costs compared to late surgical intervention, greater than 3 days after onset.1 However, it is not uncommon for patients to present multiple days after symptom onset, commonly due to lack of health insurance, difficulty accessing health care, or initial attempt at home remedies. While there is some data demonstrating that a cholecystectomy after 72 hours of symptoms can be performed in the subacute period without added risk of conversion or complications, if more than 5–7 days have passed since the onset of symptoms, the institutional practice at our center tends to favor waiting 4–6 weeks for interval cholecystectomy to allow the inflammation to subside.4
Over the last several decades, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become the standard operation for patients with cholecystitis, even being deemed safe in those with moderate or severe cholecystitis.5 Recent publications have shown similar outcomes between robotic-assisted and laparoscopic cholecystectomies in terms of safety and efficacy; however, robotic-assisted cholecystectomies have demonstrated reduced length of hospital stay and fewer unexpected overnight admissions.6
The patient in this case was a 74-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with six days of RUQ abdominal pain. The pain first came with a sharp, stabbing pain that began an hour after dinner and prevented the patient from sleeping. The following day, the pain had improved somewhat, but recurred after eating. This pain was associated with nausea and non-bloody, non-bilious emesis. Over the following week, the patient endorsed anorexia but had slight improvement in RUQ pain. After measuring a fever of 102.3 °F at home, he visited his primary care physician (PCP) who ordered labs and a RUQ ultrasound (RUQUS) given concern for gallbladder pathology. The patient denied any history of gallbladder issues or the experience of similar right upper quadrant pain. Labs were largely unremarkable except for a total bilirubin of 1.4. The RUQUS demonstrated an impacted stone at the gallbladder neck with upstream gallbladder distension and diffuse wall thickening. Sonographic Murphy’s sign was negative, and there was no ductal dilatation. Given the concern for acute cholecystitis, he was subsequently referred to the emergency department for further evaluation.
Surgery was consulted for further management of the patient’s acute cholecystitis. The patient was admitted and started on IV fluids and IV antibiotics. Although a laparoscopic cholecystectomy was originally planned for the following day, given the patient’s prolonged symptoms for nearly one week, after discussing the risks and benefits with the patient, a collective decision was made to pursue nonoperative management with antibiotics. Over the next 24–48 hours, the patient’s pain was controlled, and his diet was advanced as tolerated. The remainder of the hospital course was uncomplicated, and ultimately the patient was deemed appropriate for discharge in stable condition. He was transitioned from IV to oral antibiotics to complete a 7-day course. The patient presented to the acute care surgery clinic approximately three weeks later to discuss an interval cholecystectomy. He reported that since his hospital admission, he was following a strict low-fat diet and had not had any recurrent symptoms. He denied abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, or jaundice.
The patient’s past medical history was notable for hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, glaucoma, bilateral cataracts, and benign prostatic hyperplasia. He had no previous surgical history. Although the patient had improved symptoms following treatment of cholecystitis with antibiotics, given the risk of recurrent cholecystitis or other sequelae of gallstones, he expressed his desire to undergo an interval robotic cholecystectomy, understanding the risks of surgery including bleeding, infection, common bile duct injury, bile leak, retained stones, injury to nearby structures, need for future procedures, or conversion to an open procedure.
The focused physical examination was performed with the patient in supine position with particular focus in the RUQ. The patient was afebrile with normal vital signs. Neurologically the patient was alert and oriented to person, place, and time. His breathing was unlabored on room air with normal respiratory effort.
The abdomen was soft with only mild tenderness to deep palpation in the RUQ. Bowel sounds were normoactive, and there was no rebound tenderness appreciated.
The patient’s complete blood count, electrolytes, and liver function tests were within normal limits. No additional imaging studies were necessary or obtained in this case aside from the aforementioned RUQUS.
The patient was brought to the operating room and placed in supine positioning. Midazolam was administered for sedation, and induction of general anesthesia with fentanyl, propofol, and rocuronium was performed. One-time dose of 2 g Cefazolin was given for perioperative microbial coverage. The abdomen was then prepped and draped in the standard fashion, and a hard stop timeout was performed.
A 12-mm transumbilical incision was made, and pneumoperitoneum was obtained through an open Hassan technique with insertion of a 12-mm robotic port under direct vision. After insufflating the abdomen, camera inspection revealed that no iatrogenic injury was made upon trocar placement. Three 8-mm ports were then introduced into the abdomen under direct vision—two in the right hemiabdomen, and one in the left upper quadrant. Next, the robot was docked in the standard fashion after identifying and zeroing the operative target area.
The gallbladder was identified and was appreciated to have ongoing inflammation with a thickened wall and omental adhesions. The omental adhesions were dissected, and the gallbladder was retracted cephalad with two graspers—one at the fundus, and the other at the infundibulum.
Careful dissection was then done at the Calot's triangle to identify the lymph node of Lund as well as the junction of the gallbladder with the cystic duct and the cystic artery. After obtaining the critical view of safety, the cystic duct was clipped and transected with two clips on the remaining cystic duct stump and one clip on the gallbladder side. The same technique was used to clip and transect the cystic artery, along with a small suspected posterior branch of the cystic artery.
The gallbladder was removed off of the liver fossa bed with electrocautery dissection with minimal spillage from a small hole on the gallbladder wall. The gallbladder was then placed in an Endo Catch bag, which was secured extra-abdominally. The liver bed was then inspected for any bleeding, and hemostasis was confirmed with electrocautery, along with application of hemostatic powder spray. The operative area was irrigated and suctioned, and laparoscopic TAP blocks were performed for pain control.
The robot was undocked, and the laparoscopic ports were removed under direct visualization. The gallbladder was then removed through the umbilical port and palpated to have small gallstones. It was then sent for pathological analysis. Local anesthetic was administered at all the port sites. The fascia at the umbilical port was closed with a figure-of-eight 0 Vicryl suture. Skin at all port sites were closed with 4-0 Monocryl sutures. All surgical sites were washed, dried, and dressed. Patient’s anesthetics were then reversed. He was extubated and transported to the PACU in stable condition having tolerated the procedure well.
Regarding cholecystitis, there are multiple options for treatment including nonoperative management with antibiotics, percutaneous cholecystostomy tube (PCT) placement, and cholecystectomy.
For patients with mild acute calculous cholecystitis and significant comorbidities, antibiotic treatment is an option for nonoperative management. However, this puts patients at risk for recurrent cholecystitis and other sequelae of cholelithiasis. Approximately 33% of patients greater than 65 will develop a recurrence of symptoms following nonoperative management.7 Additionally, there is higher morality (29.3%) at two-year follow-up associated with nonoperative management in individuals over 65, compared to that associated with a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (15.2%).1
For individuals that have a high perioperative risk but require gallbladder decompression secondary to biliary sepsis, a PCT can be placed. There is some evidence that demonstrates higher rates of postprocedural complications associated with a PCT compared to a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (65% vs 12%).1 However, retrospective analysis has shown evidence that in patients with acute cholecystitis who are managed with a PCT, approximately 90% will recover without complication or recurrent biliary sepsis following PCT removal even if they do not undergo an interval cholecystectomy. This makes PCT alone a viable option, particularly in patients who are unfit for surgical intervention.8
In patients who are surgical candidates, the most appropriate management of cholecystitis is a cholecystectomy. For decades, laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been the gold standard in comparison to open cholecystectomy. Factors such as obesity and multiple comorbidities increase a patient’s risk of conversion to open.9 Although robotic-assistance offers several advantages over laparoscopic surgery including three-dimensional vision, six degrees of motion and improved surgeon ergonomics, the literature thus far has shown comparable outcomes between robotic-assisted and laparoscopic cholecystectomies in terms of perioperative outcomes, safety, and efficacy.10 Robotic cholecystectomies are noted to have increased operating time and subsequent cost associated with them, but they may reduce the risk of open conversion and bile leakage, particularly in patients with advanced liver or complex gallbladder disease.11 In a recent study, robotic-assisted cholecystectomy was deemed superior over laparoscopic techniques in terms of hospital length of stay, estimated blood loss, and lower likelihood of conversion to open surgery.12
It has been estimated that it takes a surgical team about 16–32 robotic cholecystectomies to significantly decrease the setup time and total operating time.11 Notably, as surgeons overcame the learning curve of laparoscopic surgery when it was first introduced, superior perioperative benefits resulted in it becoming the new standard of care with time.13
Cholecystectomy is a common procedure for patients presenting with cholecystitis or other biliary pathology. Here we described a robotic-assisted interval cholecystectomy, which was primarily driven by a combination of the length of his symptoms at presentation, patient preference, and surgeon experience. The patient tolerated the procedure well without any intraoperative complications and minimal blood loss.
Postoperatively, the patient was able to be discharged home the same day with a prescription of 5 tablets of 5 mg oxycodone for pain management. During his clinic visit two weeks postoperatively, he reported that his pain had been well controlled. Anatomic pathology was reviewed as chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis.
A robotic-assisted cholecystectomy should be considered as an elective option for both acute and chronic cholecystitis. It has excellent perioperative outcomes, safety, and efficacy, and may reduce the risk of open conversion and bile leakage, particularly in patients with advanced liver or complex gallbladder disease.11,12
No special equipment, tools, or implants were used in this procedure.
No relevant disclosures of conflicts of interest.
The patient referred to in this video article has given their informed consent to be filmed and is aware that information and images will be published online.
We thank the patient for giving us the permission to present this case in JOMI.
Citations
- Gallaher JR, Charles A. Acute cholecystitis: a review. JAMA. 2022 Mar 8;327(10):965-975. doi:10.1001/jama.2022.2350.
- Jones MW, Genova R, O'Rourke MC. Acute Cholecystitis. 2023 May 22. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–.
- Koti RS, Davidson CJ, Davidson BR. Surgical management of acute cholecystitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2015 May;400(4):403-19. doi:10.1007/s00423-015-1306-y.
- Lee AY, Carter JJ, Hochberg MS, Stone AM, Cohen SL, Pachter HL. The timing of surgery for cholecystitis: a review of 202 consecutive patients at a large municipal hospital. Am J Surg. 2008;195(4):467-470. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.04.015.
- Kamalapurkar D, Pang TC, Siriwardhane M, et al. Index cholecystectomy in grade II and III acute calculous cholecystitis is feasible and safe. ANZ J Surg. 2015 Nov;85(11):854-859. doi:10.1111/ans.12986.
- Chen HA, Hutelin Z, Moushey AM, Diab NS, Mehta SK, Corey B. Robotic cholecystectomies: what are they good for? - A retrospective study - robotic versus conventional cases. J Surg Res. 2022 Oct;278:350-355. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.074.
- Bergman S, Al-Bader M, Sourial N, et al. Recurrence of biliary disease following non-operative management in elderly patients. Surg Endosc. 2015 Dec;29(12):3485-90. doi:10.1007/s00464-015-4098-9.
- Fleming CA, Ismail M, Kavanagh RG, et al. Clinical and survival outcomes using percutaneous cholecystostomy tube alone or subsequent interval cholecystectomy to treat acute cholecystitis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020 Mar;24(3):627-632. doi:10.1007/s11605-019-04194-0.
- Rosen M, Brody F, Ponsky J. Predictive factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am J Surg. 2002 Sep;184(3):254-8. doi:10.1016/s0002-9610(02)00934-0.
- Main WPL, Mitko JM, Hussain LR, Meister KM, Kerlakian GM. Robotic versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the obese patient. Am Surg. 2017;83(11):447-449. doi:10.1177/000313481708301111.
- Chandhok S, Chao P, Koea J, Srinivasa S. Robotic-assisted cholecystectomy: current status and future application. Lap Endosc Robot Surg. 2022;5(3):85-91. doi:10.1016/j.lers.2022.06.002.
- Tao Z, Emuakhagbon VS, Pham T, Augustine MM, Guzzetta A, Huerta S. Outcomes of robotic and laparoscopic cholecystectomy for benign gallbladder disease in veteran patients. J Robot Surg. 2021 Dec;15(6):849-857. doi:10.1007/s11701-020-01183-3.
- Huang Y, Chua TC, Maddern GJ, Samra JS. Robotic cholecystectomy versus conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a meta-analysis. Surgery. 2017 Mar;161(3):628-636. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2016.08.061.
Cite this article
Warehall CA, Agarwal D, Paranjape C. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic interval cholecystectomy. J Med Insight. 2023;2023(408). doi:10.24296/jomi/408.
Procedure Outline
Table of Contents
- TAP Block
- Removal of Specimen
Transcription
CHAPTER 1
Hi, I am Charu Paranjape,I am the Chief of General Surgeryand Acute Care Surgery here at Newton Wellesleyand also a staff surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital.Today we are gonna see some of the key aspectsof a robotic laparoscopic cholecystectomy,which is the removal of the gallbladder,done through the robotic approach.The key steps of the surgery would be:access to the abdomen, the dissectionof what we call the critical view,and then clipping of the ductand the artery followed by removalof the gallbladder from the bed of the liver.
CHAPTER 2
A little background, he had acute cholecystitisnot too long ago and had many days of symptomsand on imaging it showed like a veryadvanced acute cholecystitiswith a very thickened gallbladder wall andhistory that was more than a week.And when we see that, typically,the risk of having a minimal invasive surgerygo open is significantly higher in those situations.And so typically, we like to see how they dowith antibiotics and then do what's calledthe interval cholecystectomy,which is what we are doing today.So, we know that there will be significant inflammation,but hopefully with the antibiotics that he got,it will not be that bad.Symptomatically, he's feeling a lot betterin that he was able to sort of go backto work in the meantime.And so, we're hoping that the inflammationwill be significantly less.Now today, we're doing it roboticallyinstead of laparoscopically,and that is the, sort of the teaching pointis that most of the times,because the inflammation is pretty significant,I think the robot has a significant valueto help in doing it as minimally invasivelyand doing it relatively straightforwardfashion compared to laparoscopic.So, we will see,but that's why he's, this case has been chosento be done robotically.So I just go straight through the belly button.There, this knife to her.It's a little dirty - lap. It's gonna be here.Straight to the jaws, all the way down to like here.To all the way to the base, yeah.Incision at 23.So this is one way of getting into the abdomenis transumbilical.It's relatively fasterand also cosmetically much more pleasing.And go down here and go up or you cango here to do down.Okay, this is yours.Keep the knife now. No, no, keep the knife.Gonna connect the dots.Take the Schnidt.And keep everting that.And, fat in the middle is your target,which you're gonna divide in half.So keep going.All this stuff, yeah, this is just yeah, skin, yeah.And then keep everting this guy,and this I keep all the way -this is, the target is here.So yeah, keep everting.So I would go right there in the middle, correct.I'll take the second Schnidt.Keep that in second. So this way you'requickly into the abdomen.Right there. I'll take a Kocher.I'll take the port.There's the 9 or the 8 port?12, I guess.And take this guy.Can we have reverse T about 12 degrees, please?Camera, please. I'll take the reducer.And then table down all the way. Thank you.So the port placement is similar to laparoscopicbut just typically in one line.So at least one fingerbreadth here. I'll take the knife.It just looks like a little adhesion there.So the incision is from -it's a classic McBurney's incision.And this one you can cheat a little bit.So I'm gonna go here - a little bit.So it's just a flimsy incision there.So you need at least like another fingerbreadth,so it can go like there.Okay, put - okay, another one.So we're controlling the entrywith the left hand - we'll trade.So then Claire is gonna put one,typically another fingerbreadth,so it's like somewhere here.Let me clean my camera.Transfer's eight.Do you mind if I level him out?Yes, of course.His blood pressure is kind of...Yeah, no problem.Do you want us to lower the pneumo?Yes.Yeah, keep going.Yep, you're good.We can - we can come in.
CHAPTER 3
So Trong, I've opened that port just to let you know.When she's in, then you can close the port.Can we have a reverse T of whatever he can tolerate?Yeah, I'm just gonna checkone more blood pressure.Okay.10 degrees will be also good.Okay. Thanks.Should I wait until...No, we can keep going. Yep, yep.Do you wanna - do you want to clean it once? Yeah.Yeah.Right here? Yep.So you can already see the gallbladderis a little angry and also edematous.So, showing that it's inflamed.The choice of instruments here can be different.Typically, some people use the camerain number two and then use the number four armto retract the gallbladder over the liver.I like to do it the traditional waywhere we'll have two graspers in number one and number two,and then typically a Marylandfor the dissection in number four.Watch the tip of that cannula, please.It needs to be in the view, please.So I just find this just like a naturalprogression from laparoscopic because thegrips and their grasps are similar.Like I said, some people have the camera in twoand then they use the number fourto retract the fundus up over the liver.
CHAPTER 4
I'm just gonna get started for you.So I'm gonna use this arm to...You can see here already,there is some adhesions there.Is my Maryland hot?Yes, your Maryland's hot.It's on three though.So these are the telltale signs, obviously,of the pretty significant inflammation from before.May have to burp my number one?Okay.Whenever you're ready.Yep.Okay, bumping.You can see the gallbladderis partially covered in the - adhesions.So there is recent - as you know, there is theParkland classification of the severity of the disease.Might need the neuro pattie.Okay, we got some.Like I said, this is, you know,I'm using my wristed instruments here to exposethis is laparoscopically significantly difficult.
CHAPTER 5
The lateral part is always safer, as you can see here,you don't see anything clearly.So, we're gonna start laterallybecause we know it's pretty safe...To define.So most likely, or what you can see is,this is the lymph node most likely there.I'll take the neuro pattie when you get a chance.Again, I'm not completely dissected yet,but this is a lymph node and typically theartery's right behind the lymph node, as we know.And so that's one landmarkthat's very important in difficult cases.And so I'm gonna hold the gallbladder laterally,and this helps me many times as you can see.So it's sort of a blunt dissection.It's just like what you would do with a peanut, you know?One of the things robotically is thatyou really don't know how hard you're pulling.And so it's very important to look at the tensionof the tissues as you do this.And you can use this to your advantageand kind of do this a few times.It looks like a nothing move,but I do this even laparoscopically with a Kittner,and it actually opens up that plane, most of the time.So again, what we just did, you know,laparoscopically again, it's a little bit harder to dobecause we have wristed instruments here,and so it's slightly easier to just do what we just did.So, you can see the artery, it's right here.And it's most likely just like in front of the duct.I'm using this blunt dissection.I'm gonna do that medially just to see...All this tissue.As you can see, again, significant inflammation here.Setting the duct is behind.Right there.When in doubt, go back to the basics, right?So you're gonna just open up the back wall.It's very scarred in.I mean this could be CBD tented up.And I think it is.See that?Look at this, right here.So, you know how it's tenting...And this is how, you know, the bile duct injuries happen,that you, you know, tent it upand then you think this is the cystic.If we were not to dissect this,you'll feel like this is the cystic.It's very, you know, tented, it's very teased.I think this is the cystic. It's very shortand stubby, you know?It's very...See that?Yeah.So the artery is anterior.We still have to clean all this stuffto make sure there's nothing else.Cannot be more than two things.Can I have a fresh neuro pattie?Yeah.And this still is like,as you can see it's looks very chubby here, right?Okay.You can take this guy and give us a new one.So I'm gonna work on this here to make surethat this is all nothing.We have the base of the gallbladder.It's probably a posterior branch here, right here?I'm trying to clear this.So this could be a little posterior branch,but we'll define it a little bit better.What was that?Your fourth left pull arm hit your camera.Okay, so we have liver here.The base of the gallbladder here.We have probably a post- very tiny posterior branch here.This is the artery, and this is the duct.I'm just gonna expose the base of the gallbladder a little bit.We can see this is the base of the gallbladder here.I mean you can look at this thing from the other side,but other than that I think we have the view.Do you agree?Sure.Which one? This?That's probably a posterior branch.I'll take a new pattie again.Neuro pattie out.All right, there we go, better.You can see that much clearly now, right?So this is the base of the gallbladder right there.The posterior branch is also dividing actually, in there.This is the...So, this is the anterior cystic,duct, posterior branch, and base.Okay, you agree?Any questions?Would you do anything more, less?Comments, Claire?No.You're happy? You happy with this?Yeah. Yeah?Good? Okay.
CHAPTER 6
We're gonna take the clips,and then she'll take over.Okay.Okay.All right, coming out? Yep.Coming in.All right, coming out.Coming in.Probably take scissors after thisjust to get that artery out of my way.- [Male Voice] Okay.Coming out.Coming out with scissors.Coming in.Coming out.Yep. Take three clips.Yes?Yep. Sorry, we were juststruggling with the clip.Okay.Let me tell you, this would bevery difficult laparoscopically.Scissors.Okay, coming out.Coming in. Scissors with no heat.Okay.Coming out.Okay, we can have heat on the scissors.Okay.
CHAPTER 7
Okay, so over to you.So you're gonna be in this plane, here.You should be able to just take your time.Just don't get into the gallbladder.So you can see the edema.Yeah.I can see it's still very, very inflamed.So the advantage here, Claire,is you can really pull with your left handnow that everything is free.You can really pull at the same time.Use your wrist here. Try to do this if you want,like do this, and you can have this angles there, you know?Again, this is harder laparoscopically.Here you can stay in that plane.It's almost like the perfect...Take your time.Turn it over.Do we have the smoke evacuator or?Yep, it's on. Okay, all right.You have high flow.Okay.Ready?Start here, just do this one first, yeah.Yep.Yeah, I would complete that.Zoom in just a touch.Keep it in the center and kind of...You can zoom in a little bit there if you want to.Do you want this open, or...?Yep. Right here.I would grab it here, lower,grabbing here is not gonna be helpful.Zoom in.Right there.You can see that clear plane right there.Just keep it steady on your left hand.Don't try to move too much.You got a nice thing, just keep goingwhere you have the plane.So you're way over there, and this is alllike superficial so I would, you know,do this first right here and then maybe even flip it.So wait, you can't see so just flip it.Just, just, you know, don't have to go in the clot.Yeah, start there, exactly. Easy, slow.Do you have a neuro pattie to clean, if you want to clean?Yeah, there you go, yeah.Don't want to get into the gallbladder.You're doing so well.Okay, it's okay.You can continue this way if you want, that's easy.And all the way if you want, yeah.That's the plane, correct?Yeah. Let it separate on its own.Yep. Just keep working there, yep.You can clean your tips if you want.Maybe go anteriorly and see.Here, I would suggest, let me just show youwhat I mean and then you take over.Since you're struggling there a little bit.What I would do is just, you know,do the easy part first, right?So, see what I'm doing?So, I know that this is gallbladder here,so I'm just gonna, you know, go in this planethat I know it's good, you know?Like right here.I think the plane is like right here.This is the hepatic capsule actually.Ah, almost.Can you suction?Yep.Can I take out your trigger?Yeah.Thanks.Go ahead and suction there for a minute. Yep.Oh, suction right there.Suction. Yeah. Perfect.I'm trying not to suck all the...That's okay. Yeah.All right, good. It's good.Suction here, right there.So I think this is, it's like, such a fine plane.Like here's the hepatic capsule like right there.And then this is the plane right there.Okay, I'll take the scissors back.Actually can you suction one more quick time?Inside too, yeah. Okay.Yeah, yeah, yeah.I'll take the scissors.Smoke evac is still on.What's the...?If it's on, can you put it on 300?Can you put it to 350?You think here?We will probably need a little suction herejust to clean stuff.Okay.One sec. Yeah, go ahead.More here up top.Okay. Do you want scissors back?Yeah.So I'm gonna just stay on top of the liver here.Big stone there.We're crossing for no reason.Need a little suction and then this thing back again.It's big, very ratty, and that's why it looks like that.But it's like, you know, 50 CC. Yeah. Yep.I think we have a stone there.Yeah, just make sure we remember that.Yep.Two stones, right?Can we clean the tips of this?Don't go in the liver, yeah.Sorry Claire, it was sort of not optimal.The liver is so friable.Smoke evacuator seems to be a little bit...370 maybe?You're gonna be ready for the camera?Yep.
CHAPTER 8
Okay.Okay. All right, coming out the fourth.You give me another instrument.Don't close, we have a couple of stones here.This you can remove differently.I need an instrument rather than scissors.Okay, coming out with your scissors then.Yeah.Can you clean the camera also?Okay.There are a couple of stones here,but we have to suction here first.Just laterally, stay lateral.Don't go close to the clips, yeah.I think your thing is clogged.Suction will never hide, one for that smoke evacuator thing.All right. We can undock.A couple of stones here, actually. I would like to get that.So as you can tell, very inflamed,extremely inflamed gallbladder wall.And like I said, you know, not easy laparoscopically,most likely we would have opened.Because you don't get that view.And then when there is a small hole, it becomes a big hole.That's a usual story. But I'm glad we stayed laparoscopic.Yeah.And can you give him an instrument?So if you can come in and just hold the liver, yeah.Can you depress this a little bit?The suction is really, really weak.Like, I don't know, even now it's weak.This is just irrigation. Still weak.Can we put it on 350 or something?It's actually not bad.Look at the - I mean it's pretty clear.I just wanted to see if I can see those coupleof tiny stones that were there.Be careful there what you're retracting.And it wasn't like - it looked on the thing very magnifiedand the bleeding - it was not nothing.That's fine. Yeah.Less than...I would say less than - yeah, maybe 50.I don't see any big stones. Do you? We could look around.I don't see any. Yeah, I think it was just very magnifiedon the, we got the big ones in the bag.I'll take the rest. Can you level him?Wait for the rest - I want to make it really dry.So I would wait. I'm gonna take it from my port.Okay.Then I have a straight shot.Okay, can you zoom out and show me this port?Can you hold that port? Yeah.And direct it towards the liver, please.Yeah, keep directing. You have to direct.Yeah.Direct it up. Yes.Zoom in.No, with the... Yeah, perfect.Yeah, that's it.All right. Local on the needle.
CHAPTER 9
How much are you gonna use up this time?That hundred.The full hundred?Yeah. Okay.So 50 plus 50.How much does he weigh?He weighs 67.Oh yeah, so 50 for 50. Yeah. More than 50.Okay, more local.I don't know if you can look here.Maybe use this guy.So this is the laparoscopic TAP blockthat we're administering to the anterior abdominal wallto decrease postoperative pain.And the principle here is you take the needleand go almost into the preperitoneal plane,then come back a little bit,and now you can see the transversaliskind of getting raised.The neurovascular bundle is between thetransversalis and internal oblique.So this way you are injecting in that planeto sort of, you know, give the anesthesiato the anterior abdominal wall.Nice, yeah.So half of it on that spot and then half lower.So I think a little bit in the preperitoneal plane there.So you come back a little bit.You can choose another point if you want to, yeah.Okay, go there. Let's go here. Okay, yeah.There, okay, that's fine.Yep.Just inject all of it, yep.Gas off and all lights on, please.
We can use that for the fascia, to increase the fascia.It's a big stone and big gallbladder.We need two S retractors and table up, please.And we need him relaxed for just like 10, 15 minutes. Thank you.Thanks. Is it up and on?Okay, let's do it on this side as well, I think.You get the stones if you want.Like to squeeze the stones in the upper part.You think skin?No, just a big gallbladder.All right, we'll listen to Trong. Or Bovie.God, feel that.All right, now that we have made a little bigger incision,we're gonna close the fascia with multiple sutures.So Kochers times two. All right, stitch.So we'll do one up top one in the bottom.So we'll do two bigger, away, yeah.Let's go under here maybe, yeah.Hemostat that? And another one.Don't cut it, yeah, just snap. Yeah, snap.Now you wanna hold this guy, maybe?Yeah. And show you the corner. I think it's all the way.Let's regrab. So if you wanna regrab this with the Kocher.And I'll go here and then we'll doa third one to hit this?We'll need another stitch.Okay, let's clean that corner, yeah.The new stitch.I think it's the layer below.Wait one second. Let me regrab this.I would tie this one first. Yeah, go ahead. Yeah.You start up here?Yeah.Each suture has a needle.I think this is like caught in something.Let me...Don't cut yet. Don't cut. We'll cut at the end.S retractor, please.And the fascia's closed.Four, five.Okay, so can we do another one?Okay. So keep that one.But these two you can cutOr maybe even actually cut this guy.Just this guy. Okay reload the needle on thoseand just incorporate the skin.Thank you.So essentially this creates the belly button.Essentially you're gonna do this so you can take yours.Sure.Yeah.And it will be the top part of the belly button for you.Yeah.One, two.Yep.You have your two?So, okay, you're gonna close this to that.So you've got one side, you're gonna get the other.But before that, let me do this side here.Okay, you can cut. No tail, please.Perfect.Needle back. 4-0, it's right there. Sorry.Cut mine, please.Thank you.There's that needle back.I'll take a 4-0.
CHAPTER 10
So as you saw, the procedure went well.The key difference between a robotic approachwith a laparoscopic approach is essentiallythe visualization of the gallbladderand the essential structures,and importantly, some of the wristed movementsthat we have inside the abdomen.Most of the gallbladder surgery, as we know,is done laparoscopically.However, for individuals who have higher BMIor those who have a very big liver,where the gallbladder is difficult to retract over the liveror essentially those patients who have hadprevious interventions such as percutaneous cholecystostomyhave a significant advantage when we do this robotically.Patients who have had previous cholecystostomy tubes placedhave significant inflammation and which makesthe dissection significantly difficult.However, with robotic approach we can seethat this dissection and the critical view,is far easier compared to the laparoscopic approach.